O Lobolo é um casamento tradicional praticado no Sul de Moçambique, que consiste na entrega de bens materiais e valores monetários à família da noiva para realizar uma união reconhecida entre os parentes do noivo e os parentes da noiva. Esta prática sociocultural mostra-se dinâmica, transformando-se e reinventando-se ao longo do tempo, assumindo diversos contornos, podendo estar inserido no conflito entre a “tradição” e a “modernidade”. O Lobolo resistiu no tempo, tendo sido desencorajado tanto pelas autoridades coloniais, defensoras de um (...) casamento monogâmico e o desencorajamento continuou no governo de Moçambique, logo após a Independência Nacional em 1975, e foi considerada uma prática retrógrada, contra os ideais revolucionários. São objectivos do estudo: mostrar o carácter resiliente do Lobolo às pressões políticas, tanto no período colonial, quanto no período pós-independência; apresentar as percepções sociais sobre a sua vitalidade no tempo. Metodologicamente: usou-se a revisão da literatura específica do tema, combinando com as entrevistas semiestruturadas. Palavras-Chave: lobolo, emancipação, empoderamento. (shrink)

System analyses deal with interrelationships between different variables that keep the system in balance. In many analysis of complex thinking, a system is viewed as a complex unit in which the ‘whole’ is not reduced to the ‘sum’ of its parts; the system becomes an ambiguous item because it consists of several entities that interact with unforeseen results or, in other words, it is situated at a transdisciplinary level, it is impossible for an area to have a complete reading of (...) its complexity. It was also mentioned that the concept of the open system best describes complexity by stating that ‘the laws of the organization are not equilibrium, but an imbalance that is restored or compensated for by stabilized dynamics’. This idea originated from the field of thermodynamics and the second law, in which the imbalance that it maintains allows the system for an apparent balance. This fragile steady state has something of a paradox, since the structures remain the same, but their constituents are changeable. The concept of open system undoes the door to a theory of evolution that can only derive from the interactions between a system and its ecosystem. Within this systemic approach, the focus of the analysis takes into account the ambiguity, multidisciplinary and complexity associated with system adjustment, i.e. it is intended to qualify an employee job based on their experience and knowledge as a measure of their impact on the organization performance. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this text, we build dialogues between Mikhail Bakhtin’s moral philosophy and Hans Kelsen’s legal theory, analyzing the notions of ought to be, science, and being. The goals are to shed light on Bakhtin’s (1999) legal foundation, from the perspective of moral philosophy as philosophia prima, which encompasses the philosophy of religion and the philosophy of law (Bakhtin, 1999; Simões, 2024); and to point out ethical considerations for the sciences, particularly for Law and Linguistics. The research is bibliographical, and (...) the corpus consists, centrally, of the works Toward a Philosophy of the Act (Bakhtin, 1993) and General Theory of Law and State (Kelsen, 1949). Our conclusions point to Bakhtin’s (1999) contributions, which appear to be authoritative for a perspective on the ought to be in the world of life; and for the debate on ethics in the sciences (Kelsen, 1949; Rajagopalan, 2011), particularly around the scientist’s relationship with the ought to be (Bakhtin, 1999). (shrink)

O presente artigo discute o direito a ter direitos, compreendido como a formulação de uma personalidade jurídica a partir da qual são atribuídos direitos legais aos indivíduos. A partir de uma pesquisa bibliográfica de caráter qualitativo, a problemática desenvolvida nesta pesquisa consiste em ampliar esse conceito para além de seu diagnóstico político-jurídico, compreendendo a ideia de descartabilidade decorrente de sua destituição pelos regimes totalitários como uma consequência da mudança de percepção moral sobre a humanidade. A hipótese a ser analisada é (...) a de que de que o direito a ter direitos pode vir a ser interpretado como uma teoria da dignidade humana à medida em que, para ser efetivado, depende de uma moralidade que permita o reconhecimento mútuo entre os indivíduos e que perceba o corpo como um limite que deve ser respeitado. (shrink)

The book outlines the contribution of passivity to the constitution of phenomena as diverse as temporal syntheses, perceptual associations, memory fulfillment and cross-cultural communication.

This study explores the capacity of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to revolutionize educational pedagogy, aiming to foster a more personalized and effective learning experience. Methodology: Through a bibliometric analysis of publications in Scopus and Web of Science, the research examines AI's impact on adaptive learning, personalized instruction, and effective teaching methods. It also evaluates AI's role in assessment, creation of simulated learning environments, and widening access to education, while addressing the integration challenges. Conclusions: The investigation demonstrates that AI has considerable potential (...) to improve teaching and learning. AI-driven tools like intelligent tutoring systems, machine learning algorithms, and virtual simulations can facilitate a learner-centric approach. Nonetheless, it also highlights the necessity to confront issues such as technological overdependence, privacy concerns, and the potential displacement of teachers. A thoughtful adoption of AI in education could lead to a more equitable and engaging learning system. The advent of this educational revolution demands a focus on augmenting human capabilities with AI and transforming pedagogical strategies to enhance student outcomes. The research advocates for further development of ethical standards and informed policies to guide AI integration in the educational sector. (shrink)

Seguiremos com a leitura da Crítica da razão prática, de Immanuel Kant, buscando apoio em dois eixos centrais: a) a formulação do imperativo categórico; b) a doutrina do fato da razão. A escolha desse percurso sustenta a posição de que, não obstante as inúmeras formulações dadas ao imperativo da moralidade ao longo da Fundamentação, haveria, nos termos da segunda Crítica, uma formulação mais clara e precisa desse princípio. Em relação à doutrina do fato da razão, a mesma será tratada em (...) dois sentidos: de um lado, a partir de uma tentativa de reconstrução das teses originais de Kant, com base no percurso textual do filósofo; de outro, mostrando em que medida essa doutrina representa uma mudança de posição em relação às impossibilidades encontradas na FMC. O objetivo, com efeito, será o de mostrar como Kant deixa de ocupar-se da tarefa de deduzir analiticamente o conceito de liberdade a partir do conceito de vontade, sendo, precisamente, o apelo ao fato da razão o traço distintivo dessa mudança. Disso se concluirá que não apenas a razão pura pode ser prática, mas que só ela, e não a razão restringida empiricamente, é incondicionalmente prática. De saída, falaremos da distinção entre vontade e arbítrio, ressaltando seu significado para a compreensão do conceito de autonomia face à antropologia e à natureza humana. (shrink)

Why is gauge symmetry so important in modern physics, given that one must eliminate it when interpreting what the theory represents? In this paper we discuss the sense in which gauge symmetry can be fruitfully applied to constrain the space of possible dynamical models in such a way that forces and charges are appropriately coupled. We review the most well-known application of this kind, known as the 'gauge argument' or 'gauge principle', discuss its difficulties, and then reconstruct the gauge argument (...) as a valid theorem in quantum theory. We then present what we take to be a better and more general gauge argument, based on Noether's second theorem in classical Lagrangian field theory, and argue that this provides a more appropriate framework for understanding how gauge symmetry helps to constrain the dynamics of physical theories. (shrink)

The paper inspects Anderson’s central thesis that Kant’s dogmatic slumber was interrupted by Hume’s critique of metaphysics in his Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, namely, by his critique of the rationalist principle of sufficient reason, which lies at the heart of dogmatic proofs of God’s existence. I recreate the meaning of “Hume’s objection,” define the larger role the principle of sufficient reason plays in Kant’s philosophy, and evaluate the explanatory potential of Anderson’s interpretation in view of Kant’s early and critical texts, (...) as well as his other autobiographical statements. Although Anderson’s hypothesis seems well-founded and even explicates the hidden connection between the entire critical project and the refutation of Spinozism, I argue it is almost impossible to reconcile it with the current research in Kant’s Entwicklungsgeschichte. (shrink)

O objetivo principal deste artigo é mostrar a concepção política radicalmente normativa elaborada por Aristóteles no livro I da Política, concepção que determina a vida na cidade como uma condição fundamental para a realização da excelência ou virtude humana (ἀρετή). Trata-se, assim, de investigar como o filósofo pensa a polis como uma forma de comunidade (κοινωνία) que tem por meta não apenas assegurar as condições materiais e econômicas necessárias ao viver humano elementar (ζῆν), mas também propiciar ao homem um locus (...) superior no qual ele possa efetivar o bem viver (εὖ ζῆν), ou seja, a vida boa entendida como a realização da virtude e da racionalidade que lhe são próprias, o que desemboca na vigorosa subordinação da política às exigências da moralidade. (shrink)

The affective though and the intuition in moral judgment has been discovered lately (Haidt, 2001). This article analyzes the Moral Judgment theory (Kohlberg, 1964) and the basic logical operations (Piaget, 1950). The rational stages with a few intervention of emotion have been historically assumed by moral judgment theory, which judges the affective as a mistaken notion and as a simple cognitive extension (Greene & Haidt, 2002). This paper demonstrates that the Piagetian basic operations, seriation and categorization are applicable to an (...) affective system. In addition, the intuition is a moral determinant and finally, that neuronal activity confirms an intuitional cognition for the resolution of social problems. It is expected that the present deliberation guides and stimuli researches on the intuition and emotion in moral judgment. (shrink)

Firearm injuries are a significant public health problem. Prior studies have analyzed firearm death data or adult firearm injury data, but few studies have analyzed firearm injury data specifically among youth. To inform the current debate surrounding gun policy in the United States, this study aims to provide an estimate of the immense burden of youth firearm injury and its associated risk factors. Therefore, we performed a descriptive analysis of the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, the largest all-payer emergency department database (...) in the United States, from January 2006 to September 2015. All patients age < 21 who presented with any diagnosis of firearm-related injuries were included. There were an estimated 198,839 incidents of firearm-related emergency department visits for patients age < 21 from 2006 through 2015. After presenting to the ED, an estimated 11,909 cases resulted in death. The population adjusted rate of firearm-related emergency department visits was highest in the South and Midwest. This study demonstrates the significant burden of firearm injury among youth. Having a reliable estimate of the number of children harmed by firearms each year is a critical tool for policymakers — and may make common-sense gun safety measures more politically possible. (shrink)

Raúl Dorra dedica, a lo largo de su obra, un lugar central al estudio de la escritura donde la lectura aparece como su correlato. Sin ser fenomenólogo, Dorra, no obstante, siempre plantea de modo intencional la relación entre lectura y escritura al considerar que en la segunda anida la presencia de un sujeto que la primera desentraña al hacer oír su voz. El presente artículo explora el intercambio entre la percepción visual de la escritura y la auditiva de la voz (...) mediante la lectura para avanzar hacia la propuesta vertebral de Raúl Dorra sobre los tres modos en que la lectura, desde su dimensión sensible, configura su poética, a saber, la búsqueda, la negociación y la distribución con las que aparece la presencia del sujeto mediante la voz. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como uma certa prática da divisão é utilizada por Platão nas Leis. Em várias passagens da obra, o filósofo recorre à realização de distinções entre termos, no intuito de estabelecer esclarecimentos lexicais e mesmo conceituais, evidenciando a possibilidade da existência de um certo uso da diaíresis nesse importante texto do Corpus. É o que parecem sugerir determinadas ocorrências do verbo diairéo em alguns momentos do diálogo (I, 647c, II, 672e, III, 700a-b, VII, 815e e (...) IX, 874e). Nossa intenção é ver como tal procedimento é aplicado em relação àquele que é um dos problemas mais fundamentais com que o diálogo se confronta, a saber: o problema concernente à unidade e à multiplicidade das virtudes. (shrink)

Rationality and reasonableness can be illustrated as Janus-faced concepts, not only in a descriptive diagnosis but also in a normative construction of adjudication, and in the analysis of its practical and rhetorical effects. Considering such an illustration, the present reflection returns to the discussion on the relevance of rationality and reasonableness in legal interpretation, aiming at distinguishing and/or connecting principles and criteria, beyond formally logical and/or procedurally argumentative decision-making, and, thus, within a normatively practical adjudication. Such an approach will be (...) presented in two main steps. In a first step, the rationality/reasonableness dichotomy will be discussed within a constitutive connection between principles and criteria in adjudication, and understanding legal principles as normatively substantial foundations to legal criteria—the former as axiological references filtered into the juridical system and the latter as their concretizations, and whose practical adequacy is rhetorically assigned by the interpretive communities involved in/by adjudication, and normatively referred both to their practical accordance to the axiological normativity of the principles they shall presuppose and to their suitability as practical operators to the problematic relevance of the sub judice cases. In a second step, and consequently, encompassing the projection of legal interpretation, in semiotic and in practical-normative perspectives, in order to discuss their constituting practical relevance in adjudication, the rationality/reasonableness dichotomy will be experimented within formal-logical procedures and within practical-dialectical connections between juridical problem and juridical system—therefore stating a discussion on the foundations, the intentionality and the consequences of adjudication, amongst deduction and analogy. (shrink)

The European Legacy, Volume 16, Issue 6, Page 799-802, October 2011.

The European Legacy, Volume 16, Issue 5, Page 663-666, August 2011.

Cet article propose une lecture de Temps et récit II de Paul Ricœur. Ce livre qui porte sur l’idée de configuration du temps dans le récit afin d’assurer la continuité entre la préfiguration du récit et sa refiguration, et qui cherche à comprendre la spécificité du récit de fiction par rapport au récit historique, est un discours à trois dimensions : philosophie, théories du récit et œuvres majeures de la littérature. Il pose un certain nombre de problèmes théoriques qui seront (...) envisagés ici dans leur rapport au champ théorico-littéraire au cours d’une réflexion critique nourrie par la lecture du roman Mrs Dalloway de Virginia Woolf. (shrink)

El artículo ofrece notas iniciales sobre el modo en que Lukács aborda la categoría de alienación, en su conexión con las categorías de trabajo, objetivación, enajenación, cosificación e ideología, en Hacia una Ontología del Ser Social. De este modo, toca temas relacionados con el proceso de formación de la personalidad humana y su subjetividad o conciencia, la conciencia atribuida, la elevación del individuo atrapado en la genericidad en-sí a la genericidad para-sí y la casualidad. Trata de la emancipación humana y (...) en esta trayectoria arriesga algunos comentarios críticos basados en la figuración del mundo que ofrece la lectura que Moishe Postone hace de Marx. (shrink)

Se abordan dos formas de justicia en principio antagónicas: la retributiva, propia del mundo de los héroes y de la venganza antigua, y la punitiva, de tradición tanto antigua como moderna, que consiste en la racionalización de la violencia mediante el tribunal. Se muestra la preeminencia de la punitiva, el antagonismo a medias con la retributiva, que viene a ser la apropiación de la violencia por la necesidad (dios, destino, Estado), y su marginación del ámbito de la justicia.

Esta resenha discute criticamente a obra Reflexões sobre a guilhotina, de Albert Camus (2022). Imerso em seu próprio cosmos de referência, o literato se ampara tanto em sua própria filosofia quanto em memórias pessoais para arquitetar a integridade de seus argumentos, os quais também são nutridos por uma plural literatura que aborda diretamente a temática da punição capital. Na tentativa de preencher uma lacuna, diagnosticada pelo próprio escritor argelino, na sociedade francesa, ele empreende neste ensaio uma demarcação argumentativa contrária à (...) pena de morte e sua aplicação, refutando os argumentos de seus defensores e oferecendo um novo horizonte à condição humana que era duplamente assassinada na escuridão das prisões francesas. Palavras-chave: Albert Camus; pena de morte; guilhotina; revolta; ressentimento. On the steps of the scaffold: a review of Reflections on the guillotine, by Albert Camus Abstract: This review critically discusses the work Reflections on the guillotine, by Albert Camus (2022). Immersed in his own cosmos of reference, the literate draws on both his own philosophy and personal memories to architect the integrity of his arguments, which are also nourished by a plural literature that directly addresses the issue of capital punishment. In an attempt to fill a gap, diagnosed by the Algerian writer himself, in French society, he undertakes in this essay an argumentative demarcation against the death penalty and its application, refuting the arguments of its defenders and offering a new horizon to the human condition which had been doubly murdered in the darkness of French prisons. Keywords: Albert Camus; death penalty; guillotine; revolt; resentment. Sobre los escalones del cadalso: una reseña de Reflexiones sobre la guillotina, de Albert Camus Resumen: Esta reseña analiza críticamente la obra Reflexiones sobre la guillotina, de Albert Camus (2022). Inmerso en su propio cosmos de referencia, el literato se sirve tanto de su propia filosofía como de sus recuerdos personales para construir la integridad de sus argumentos, que además se nutren de una literatura plural que aborda directamente el tema de la pena capital. En un intento por llenar un hueco, diagnosticado por el propio escritor argelino, en la sociedad francesa, emprende en este ensayo un deslinde argumentativo frente a la pena de muerte y su aplicación, refutando los argumentos de sus defensores y ofreciendo una nueva horizonte a la condición humana que fue doblemente asesinada en la oscuridad de las prisiones francesas. Palavras-clave: pena de muerte; guillotina; revuelta; resentimiento. Data de registro: 31/03/2022 Data de aceite: 17/05/2022. (shrink)

O presente artigo busca analisar os processos, fluxos e refluxos, de desterritorialização e territorialização, no contexto da diáspora negra no Brasil. Através dos conceitos de quilombismo e comunidade, examinará as comunidades virtuais “Ponte para Pretx” e “Intelectuais Negras: escrita de si mesma” localizadas no Facebook, articulando ponderações e reflexões em torno dos processos de empoderamento negro, ativismo, solidariedade e resistência negra, nucleados na ideia de comunidade virtual. Desta maneira, através dos pressupostos da hermenêutica histórica, a pesquisa demonstrará de que maneira (...) as comunidades virtuais fortalecem a cultura negra, segundo a potência de construir territórios de sentido às populações negras brasileiras em torno de arranjos e organizações sociais e culturais. (shrink)

Summary This study offers a detailed analysis of an episode of the popularization of astronomy which took place in Portugal, a peripheral country of Europe, and occurring in the early twentieth century. The episode was driven by the 28 May 1900 total solar eclipse which was seen on the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain). Instead of focusing on one of the ends of the popularization process, we analyze the circulation of knowledge among scientists and the public, contrast the aims of (...) the various expeditions, professional and amateur, which took place on Portuguese soil, analyze their repercussions in the Portuguese astronomical landscape, and the different ways used by the Portuguese political elite and astronomical community to successfully appropriate this astronomical event to serve their varied agendas, political, social and scientific. In this episode of public enthusiasm for science, a central figure emerged in the network of the official commission, professional and amateur communities and the ‘general public’: Frederico Tomás Oom (1864–1930), an astronomer of the Lisbon Astronomical Observatory. This paper aims to illustrate the different layers of the circulation process, and at proving that the popularization of science was not a unidirectional process from scientists to lay people nor did it serve only a particular agenda, be it political, social or scientific. (shrink)

Dallas Willard makes the claim that spiritual formation “refers to the Spirit-driven process of forming the inner world of the human self in such a way that it becomes like the inner being of Christ himself.”1 Can this claim be substantiated and stand up to close scrutiny, or is Dallas Willard selecting an idea of his own fancy and making this the cornerstone of his understanding of spiritual formation? How can this claim be tested and anchored? In this article we (...) will seek to answer these questions by looking at the Apostle Paul in his function as spiritual director. Although it is patently anachronistic to speak of Paul as spiritual director, can we legitimately understand him in this role? We will propose a generative understanding of spiritual direction and then proceed to examine the Apostle Paul and his aims based on that generative understanding. We will also argue that at the core of Paul's functioning as a spiritual director lies a strong appeal to examine and imitate his life and character and to follow his ways. This appeal by Paul for others to imitate him is anchored in Paul's own imitation of Christ himself. Paul's call to imitation thus provides a window into discovering how Paul understood his role as spiritual director and also provides us the means to discern his goals in spiritual direction. (shrink)